Introduction

• Global engagement: With 5,240,000,000 (5.24 billion) active social media users worldwide^B1, the potential audience is vast.
• Enhanced brand visibility: Boost awareness and reach in the marketplace.
• Stronger customer connections: Foster meaningful engagement with your audience.
• Increased website traffic: Drive more visitors to online platforms.
• Better search engine rankings: Improve visibility in search results.
• Additional opportunities: Unlock other ways to grow your brand.
  

• Actionable Data for Practitioners: Offers insights that directly inform content strategy, campaign planning, and engagement optimization.
• Empirical and Updated: Annual updates and consistent methodology make this work reliable and longitudinal.
• Bridges Academia and Industry: Straddles the divide between slow, theoretical studies and fast, opaque commercial insights.
  

• Individual Creators: The research offers actionable insights for anyone posting on social media.
• Digital Marketing and Communications: Ideal for marketing courses, strategy guides, campaign planning, timing calendars, engagement return on investment (ROI) analyses, and martech stack decision-making.
• Platform Analytics Research: Complements studies on algorithmic reach, post visibility decay, content discovery, and fatigue.
• Digital Sociology / Information Flow Studies: Provides insight into how content typically decays or becomes "sticky" across platforms.
• Agile Content Operations: Supports strategic and tactical planning such as content publication.

Main Section of Article

Snapchat

• 2026: 0 minutes (exceptions apply).^A1
• 2025: 0 minutes (exceptions apply).^B4
• 2024: 0 minutes (exceptions apply).^B5

TikTok

• 2026: 0 minutes (exceptions apply).^A1
• 2025: 0 minutes (exceptions apply).^B4
• 2024: TikTok did not appear in the 2024 report.^B5

X

• 2026: 52 minutes.^A1
• 2025: 49 minutes.^B4
• 2024: 43 minutes.^B5

Facebook

• 2026: 86 minutes = 1.43 hours.^A1
• 2025: 81 minutes = 1.35 hours.^B4
• 2024: 76 minutes = 1.27 hours.^B5

Reddit

• 2026: 150 minutes = 2.50 hours.^A1
• 2025: 155 minutes = 2.58 hours.^B4
• 2024: Reddit did not appear in the 2023 report.^B5

Instagram

• 2026: 1,096 minutes = 18.27 hours.^A1
• 2025: 1,143 minutes = 19.04 hours.^B4
• 2024: 1,185 minutes = 19.75 hours.^B5

LinkedIn

• 2026: 1,393 minutes = 23.22 hours.^A1
• 2025: 1,426 minutes = 23.77 hours.^B4
• 2024: 1,458 minutes = 24.30 hours.^B5

Podcasts

• 2026: 10,117 minutes = 7.02 days.^A1
• 2025: 9,625 minutes = 6.68 days.^B4
• 2024: Podcasts did not appear in the 2023 report.^B5

YouTube

• 2026: 15,276 minutes = 10.60 days.^A1
• 2025: 13,929 minutes = 9.67 days.^B4
• 2024: 12,717 minutes = 8.83 days.^B5

Pinterest

• 2026: 174,894 minutes = 3.99 months.^A1
• 2025: 169,789 minutes = 3.88 months.^B4
• 2024: 164,518 minutes = 3.76 months.^B5

Blogs

• 2026: 1,068,304 minutes = 2.03 years.^A1
• 2025: 1,037,340 minutes = 1.97 years.^B4
• 2024: 1,022,997 minutes = 1.95 years.^B5

Conclusion

• Massive scope (5M+ posts analyzed),
• Broad coverage (11 major platforms),
• Rigorous methodology (multi-source, representative, and fully data-driven),
• Ongoing continuity (annual updates reflecting evolving algorithms), and
• Practical value (delivering actionable insights to help users navigate today's social media environment).

• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs),
• Coverage of Graffius’ Research,
• Sources/References,
• About Scott M. Graffius
• How to Cite This Article,
• and more.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

• Cambridge Dictionary: "Websites and computer programs that allow people to communicate and share information, opinions, pictures, videos, etc. on the internet, especially social networking websites."^B18
• Britannica Dictionary: "Forms of electronic communication (such as Web sites) through which people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc."^B19
• Dictionary.com: "Websites and other online means of communication that are used by large groups of people to share information and to develop social and professional contacts."^B20

• User-generated content.
• Multimedia sharing (such as text, images, audio, or videos).
• Interactive engagement features (such as comments, likes, or shares).

• User-generated content: Users create personal stories and snaps.
• Multimedia sharing: Allows sharing of photos and short videos.
• Interactive features: Users can reply to snaps, react with emojis, and send direct messages.

• User-generated content: Users create and upload short videos.
• Multimedia sharing: Primarily focused on video content.
• Interactive features: Allows comments, likes, and shares on videos.

• User-generated content: Users post tweets and threads.
• Multimedia sharing: Supports text, images, GIFs, and videos.
• Interactive features: Enables retweets, likes, and replies.

• User-generated content: Users create posts, stories, and events.
• Multimedia sharing: Supports text, images, videos, and live streaming.
• Interactive features: Offers likes, comments, shares, and reactions.

• User-generated content: Users submit posts and create subreddits.
• Multimedia sharing: Allows text posts, images, videos, and links.
• Interactive features: Includes upvotes/downvotes, comments, and awards.

• User-generated content: Users post photos, videos, and stories.
• Multimedia sharing: Focuses on visual content (images and videos).
• Interactive features: Enables likes, comments, and direct messaging.

• User-generated content: Users create profiles and post professional content.
• Multimedia sharing: Supports text posts, articles, images, and videos.
• Interactive features: Allows connections, likes, comments, and endorsements.

• User-generated content: Creators produce and upload audio or video episodes.
• Multimedia sharing: It can include both audio-only content or video formats.
• Interactive features: Listeners/viewers can rate, review episodes, or otherwise comment on them.

• User-generated content: Users create and upload videos.
• Multimedia sharing: Primarily video-based platform.
• Interactive features: Allows likes, comments, subscriptions, and sharing.

• User-generated content: Users create boards and pin content.
• Multimedia sharing: Focuses on image and video sharing.
• Interactive features: Enables re-pins, likes, and comments.

• User-generated content: Authors create and publish blog posts.
• Multimedia sharing: It can include text, images, videos, and audio.
• Interactive features: Readers can comment on posts or share them.

• Content Relevance: Posts that resonate with audience interests and needs will likely have a longer half-life.
• Timing of Post: The timing of your post can significantly affect its half-life. Posting at times when your audience is most active and likely to engage can extend the lifespan of your post.
• Engagement Level: Posts with higher initial engagement will likely remain relevant and visible longer.
• Quality of Visuals: Posts with high-quality visuals, such as images, videos, or infographics, tend to capture more attention and have a longer lifespan on social media.
• Use of Hashtags: Strategic use of hashtags can increase the discoverability of your post and extend its reach, thus impacting its half-life.
• Platform Algorithm: Each social media platform has its own algorithm that determines the visibility and reach of posts. Understanding and optimizing for these algorithms can affect the half-life of your posts.
• Audience Engagement: The level of engagement from your audience, including likes, comments, shares, and click-through rates, can influence the half-life of your post. Higher engagement indicates higher relevance and longevity.
• Post Frequency: The frequency at which you post content can impact the half-life of individual posts. Spacing posts out can allow each one to receive more attention over time.
• Content Format: Different content formats, such as text-only posts, images, videos, and interactive content, may have varying half-lives based on their appeal and engagement potential.
• External Events and Trends: External events, holidays, trends, and news topics can affect the relevance and visibility of your posts. Leveraging timely content can extend the half-life of your posts by tapping into current conversations and interests.

• Algorithm-driven content delivery: TikTok's "For You" page constantly refreshes with
• new content, promoting rapid consumption.
• Short video format: TikTok videos are typically brief, encouraging users to quickly
• move on to the next piece of content.
• Ephemeral features: TikTok Stories (like Instagram Stories) disappear after 24 hours, reinforcing the platform's emphasis on fleeting content.

• Algorithm refinements: X may have adjusted its algorithm to promote certain content.
• Content quality improvements: The platform's focus on attracting small-to-medium businesses as advertisers might have led to higher-quality, more engaging content that resonates with users for longer periods.
• New features: X introduced new features and made changes to existing ones, which could impact how users interact with content.
• Political events: The platform's increased activity during key events, such as the U.S. elections, may have contributed to longer-lasting engagement with posts.

• Algorithm refinements: Facebook may have adjusted its algorithm.
• New features: Facebook has been introducing new features and changing existing ones.
• Balanced content mix: The algorithm is designed to show users a variety of post types, ensuring they don't see multiple posts of the same type in a row. That could contribute to longer engagement periods.

• Content depth: Reddit's focus on in-depth discussions and longer-form content naturally leads to extended engagement periods.
• Community-driven structure: The platform's subreddit system allows users to engage with niche communities, fostering longer-lasting interactions.
• User behavior: Redditors may spend significant time exploring threads and participating in discussions, contributing to longer content lifespans.
• Algorithm design: Reddit's algorithm may prioritize relevant content over recency, allowing posts to maintain visibility for longer periods.
• Diverse content types: Reddit supports various content formats, including text posts, links, images, and videos, catering to different user preferences and engagement patterns.
• User demographics: Reddit's user base, which includes a high proportion of tech-savvy and engaged users, may contribute to longer content lifespans.

• Increased content volume: With Instagram's large user base, more content may be competing for attention, leading to faster content turnover.
• Algorithm adjustments: Instagram might have refined its algorithm to prioritize more recent content, potentially reducing the visibility of older posts.
• Shift towards video content: The platform's increasing focus on Reels and short-form video content could be impacting the longevity of traditional posts.
• User behavior changes: Users might spend less time on individual posts and more time scrolling through their feeds or exploring new content formats.
• Rise of ephemeral content: The popularity of Stories and other temporary content types could be influencing overall engagement patterns on the platform.

• Increased content volume: LinkedIn has been growing steadily. This growth may have led to more content being shared, potentially reducing the lifespan of individual posts.
• Algorithm refinements: LinkedIn might have adjusted its algorithm to prioritize more recent or trending content, slightly reducing the visibility of older posts.
• User behavior changes: Professionals might adopt more frequent, shorter engagement sessions, leading to quicker content turnover.
• Shift in content types: The platform's increasing focus on video content and live events could be impacting the engagement patterns of traditional posts.
• Mobile usage: With more users accessing LinkedIn via mobile devices, browsing habits may have shifted towards shorter, more frequent interactions.

• Content depth: Podcasts often feature in-depth discussions and longer-form content,
• leading to extended engagement periods.
• On-demand nature: Listeners/viewers can generally consume podcast content at their convenience, allowing for engagement over a longer timeframe.
• Niche topics: Many podcasts cater to specific interests, fostering dedicated listener/viewer bases that engage with content more thoroughly.

• Algorithm refinements: YouTube may have adjusted its recommendation algorithm to promote a wider variety of content, increasing the visibility of videos over a longer time frame.
• Content quality improvements: There might be an emphasis on higher-quality, more engaging content that resonates with users for longer periods.
• Shift in content types: The introduction of YouTube Shorts and its growing popularity could be influencing overall engagement patterns on the platform.
• Improved search and discovery: As the second-largest search engine, YouTube's enhanced search capabilities may be helping users find relevant content more easily.

• Algorithm refinements: Pinterest may have improved its recommendation algorithm, increasing the visibility of relevant pins over a longer timeframe.
• User behavior changes: With Pinterest's growing user base, particularly among Gen Z, there might be more users exploring content over extended periods.
• Content quality improvements: The platform's focus on personalization and AI-driven recommendations could lead to more engaging, relevant content.
• Mobile app optimization: Improvements in the mobile experience may be contributing to longer engagement periods.
• Diverse use cases: Pinterest's expansion into emerging categories like men's fashion and auto, alongside its core areas, could be broadening content appeal and extending engagement.

• Content quality focus: The extended half-life may reflect an increased emphasis on creating high-quality, evergreen content that remains relevant over time.
• SEO improvements: Ongoing refinements in search engine algorithms and SEO practices could contribute to better long-term visibility of blog content.
• Shift to long-form content: With many platforms favoring short-form content, blogs remain a bastion for in-depth, comprehensive articles, which may contribute to sustained engagement.
• Improved user experience: Enhanced blog designs, faster loading times, and mobile optimization could encourage longer and repeated engagement with content.
• Integration with other platforms: Effective cross-promotion of blog content on social media and other channels may drive sustained traffic and engagement.

• Quality Over Quantity: Engagement metrics—such as likes, comments, and shares—indicate a higher level of interaction with content. A high engagement rate suggests that the audience isn't just passively consuming content but is actively involved, which can lead to stronger relationships with followers. This interaction can foster community, loyalty, and advocacy.
• Algorithmic Favor: Social media algorithms are designed to promote content that generates engagement. If posts receive a lot of likes, comments, and shares, the algorithm tends to favor the content by increasing its visibility. This can lead to a higher reach, which might not be directly proportional to the initial number of views.
• Monetization and Influence: For creators and marketers, platforms often reward engagement more than views in their monetization models. Engagement indicates real user interaction, which is more likely to translate into website visits, product sales, or ad revenue compared to passive views.
• Brand Loyalty and Advocacy: Engagement, especially comments and shares, can lead to user-generated content or discussions, which are invaluable for brand loyalty and advocacy. When followers share content, they're endorsing the respective brand or message to their network, potentially reaching a broader audience with a personal recommendation.
• Feedback and Improvement: Comments and other forms of engagement provide direct feedback. This interaction allows content creators to understand what resonates with their audience, helping refine strategies or content for better performance.
• Virality and Reach: Content that engages tends to have a higher chance of going viral.

Coverage of Graffius' Research

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• Small Business Development Center. (2024, September 30). 10 Marketing Strategies to Grow Your Small Business [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WelVAmXuxPU&t=1181s
• Social Selling CRM. (2024). Demi-vie de Vos Publications: Stratégies d’Optimisation 2024.’ https://www.socialsellingcrm.com/demi-vie-de-vos-publications-strategies-doptimisation-2024/
• Statler, J. (2024, September 12). How to Schedule Social Media Posts: Best Tools and Tips. Post Planner. https://www.postplanner.com/blog/how-to-schedule-social-media-posts
• Strozyk, K. (2023, November 3). 11 Tips on How to Use Pinterest for Real Estate. Fit Small Business. https://fitsmallbusiness.com/how-to-use-pinterest-for-real-estate-agents
• Thailand TV News. (2022, August 16). Half-Life of Each Social Media Post. https://thailandtv.news/half-life-of-each-social-media-post-thumbsup
• The Tech Reps (2023, January 23). SEO or Social Media Marketing, Which is Better for Sales? [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVmQdHDXCrw
• Two Rivers Marketing. (2020, December 9). 8 Social Media Channels and Tactics to Consider Adding to Your Marketing Mix. https://www.tworiversmarketing.com/blog/8-social-media-channels-and-tactics-to-consider-adding-to-your-marketing-mix
• We Are Social. (2024, April 24). Digital 2024 April Global Statshot Report. We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com/sg/blog/2024/04/digital-2024-april-global-statshot-report/
• What What SEO. (2024, September 5). 5 bonnes raisons de créer un compte Pinterest si tu es entrepreneuse. https://whatwhatseo.fr/creer-compte-pinterest-entreprise-avantages

References/Sources

• A1. "Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts: Update for 2026" by Scott M. Graffius covers Snapchat, TikTok, X, Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, LinkedIn, podcasts (audio and video formats with engagement functionality), YouTube, Pinterest, and blogs (with engagement functionality). Findings were derived from an extensive analysis of over 5,600,000 social media posts and 397 podcasts, aggregated from multiple sources, including APIs, proprietary commercial datasets, academic and research consortia databases, publicly shared datasets, governmental and non-governmental organizational data repositories, and more. The collective dataset includes data from 1 January 2025 through 31 December 2025 (with retrospective data from antecedent blogging platforms) on diverse entities, including individuals (from those with a relatively small number of followers/subscribers to influencers), businesses (from small to large), professional associations, educational institutions, and others. Entities are represented proportionately, reflecting the distribution in the digital ecosystem. This comprehensive, multidimensional approach yields a robust and representative sampling of posts, providing a broad and deep scope of analysis.

• B1. Statista. (2025). Number of social media users worldwide. https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/.
• B2. Trivette, Hannah (2022, October 14). A Guide to Social Media Algorithms and SEO. Forbes.
• B3. Statista. (2025). Most popular social networks worldwide as of February 2025, by number of monthly active users. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/.
• B4. Graffius, S. M. (2025, January 6). Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts: Update for 2025. ScottGraffius.com. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35085.65761
• B5. Graffius, S. M. (2024, January 1). Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts: Update for 2024. ScottGraffius.com. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21043.60965
• B6. X. Available at: https://careers.x.com. Accessed on 2 January 2025.
• B7. Macready, Hannah (2023, February 22). 47 LinkedIn Statistics You Need to Know in 2023. Hootsuite.
• B8. Ong, Si Quan (2023, January 27). 59 Blogging Statistics for 2023.
• B9. Colicev, Anatoli, & Malshe, Ashwin, & Pauwels, Koen, & O'Connor, Peter (2018). Improving Consumer Mindset Metrics and Shareholder Value Through Social Media: The Different Roles of Owned and Earned Media. Journal of Marketing, 82 (1): 37-56.
• B10. Collier, Azure (2017, April 28). How to Create a Social Media Posting Schedule. Constant Contact.
• B11. IBM (n.d.). What is Social Media Analytics. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/topics/social-media-analytics.
• B12. Kanuri, V. K., & Chen, Y., & Sridhar, S. (2018). Scheduling Content on Social Media: Theory, Evidence, and Application. Journal of Marketing, 82 (6): 89-108.
• B13. Liadeli, G., & Sotgiu, F., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Brands' Owned Social Media on Social Media Engagement and Sales. Journal of Marketing, 87 (3): 406-427.
• B14. Perreault, Marie-Catherine, & Mosconi, Elaine (2018). Social Media Engagement: Content Strategy and Metrics Research Opportunities. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences: 3568-3577.
• B15. Trunfio, Mariapina, & Rossi, Simona (2021). Conceptualising and Measuring Social Media Engagement: A Systematic Literature Review. Italian Journal of Marketing, 2021 (3):267-292.
• B16. Graffius, Scott M. (2024, September 26). How Algorithms Shape the User Experience on Social Media Platforms. Available at: https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/algorithms- and-the-user-experience.html. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29149.01767.
• B17. Graffius, Scott M. (2024, September 30). Supplement to Graffius' 'Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts' Research: Typical Engagement Distribution Pattern for Social Media Posts. Available at: https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/distribution- pattern-for-social-media-posts.html. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15820.22402.
• B18. Cambridge Dictionary. Definition of social media at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/social- media.
• B19. Britannica Dictionary. Definition of social media at: https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/social-media.
• B20. Dictionary.com. Definition of social media at: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/social-media.
• B21. Statista (2024, February 27). Number of Monthly Active Reddit Users Worldwide from 2018 to 2026. Available at: https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1309791/reddit- mau-worldwide. [Note: This source is a carry-over from prior reporting. This article applies uniform reporting from the source at B3.]
• B22. Microsoft. (2025, July 29). LinkedIn business highlights from Microsoft’s Q4 FY25 earnings. https://news.linkedin.com/2025/Q4FY25_Earnings_Highlights.
• B23. Listen Notes (n.d.). Podcast Stats: How Many Podcasts Are There? Available at: https://www.listennotes.com/podcast-stats/. Accessed on 21 January 2026.
• B24. Hostinger (2026, January 13). Essential blogging statistics: trends, tips, and insights 2026. https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/blogging-statistics
• B25. Musk, Elon (2024, February 28). A change is coming to our recommendation algorithm that will ensure that all your followers see your pinned posts. This only applies to one pinned post every ~48 hours to prevent gaming of the system. Post by @elonmusk on X at https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1762987619409879149. Accessed on 2 January 2025.
• B26. Instagram (2024, April 30). Today we’re announcing four changes to how we rank content to give all creators a more equal chance of breaking through to new audiences. Post by Instagram on Instagram at https://www.instagram.com/creators/p/C6YxvSXgFxp. Accessed on 2 January 2025.
• B27. Hammersley, B. (2004, February 12). Audible revolution.

About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

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List of Additional Articles

Content Acknowledgements

How to Cite This Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Tags and Hashtags for This Article

• Lifespan of Social Media Posts
• Half-Life of Social Media
• Social Media Analytics
• Social Media Research
• Content Marketing

• #SocialMedia
• #ContentMarketing
• #SocialMediaAnalytics
• #DigitalStrategy
• #SEO

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: Lifespan of Social Media Posts • Half-Life of Social Media • Social Media Analytics • Social Media Research • Content Marketing

• Main Article
• Bibliography
• About Scott M. Graffius
• List of Additional Articles, How to Cite This Article, DOI, Content Acknowledgements, Tags & Hashtags, Post-Publication Notes, Copyright

Temporal Dynamics on Social Media Networks

A Leading Academic Journal Cited Scott M. Graffius' Research

Bibliography

About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

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(Want more features? You can always upgrade to a paid plan.)

List of Additional Articles

How to Cite This Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Content Acknowledgements

Tags and Hashtags

• Digital Services Act (DSA)
• Platform governance
• Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts research by Scott M. Graffius
• Social media research
• Large-scale policy data analysis
• Telecommunications Policy

• #AlgorithmicTransparency
• #ContentModeration
• #DataGovernance
• #SocialMediaHalfLife
• #DigitalPolicy
• #DigitalServicesAct
• #PlatformGovernance
• #SocialMedia
• #SocialMediaResearch
• #TelecommunicationsPolicy

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: Digital Services Act (DSA) • Platform governance • Telecommunications Policy • Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts research by Scott M. Graffius • Social Media Research • Large-scale policy data analysis

• Main Article
• References
• About Scott M. Graffius
• List of Additional Articles, How to Cite This Article, DOI, Content Acknowledgements, Tags & Hashtags, Post-Publication Notes, Copyright

Introduction

• Biases, incompleteness, or noise in the training data can lead to overgeneralization or pattern misinterpretation.
• Model overfitting or architectural limitations in autoregressive decoding, where probabilistic predictions prioritize fluency over factual fidelity.
• Lack of grounding in real-world knowledge during generation, exacerbated by the absence of explicit reasoning mechanisms.

AI Hallucinations in 2024

AI Hallucinations in 2025

Conclusion

References

• AboutChromebooks. (2025). AI hallucination rates across different models in 2025. https://www.aboutchromebooks.com/ai-hallucination-rates-across-different-models/
• AllAboutAI. (2025). AI hallucination report 2025: Which AI hallucinates the most? https://www.allaboutai.com/resources/ai-statistics/ai-hallucinations/
• AIMultiple. (2025). AI hallucination: Compare top LLMs. https://research.aimultiple.com/ai-hallucination/
• Anaokar, S., Ganatra, S., Kashid, H., Bhattacharyya, S., Nair, S., Sekhar, R., Manohar, S., Hemrajani, R., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2025). HalluDetect: Detecting, mitigating, and benchmarking hallucinations in conversational systems. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11619
• Bang, Y., Ji, Z., Schelten, A., Hartshorn, A., Fowler, T., Zhang, C., Cancedda, N., & Fung, P. (2025). HalluLens: LLM hallucination benchmark. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.1176/
• Chelli, M., Descamps, J., Lavoué, V., Trojani, C., Azar, M., Deckert, M., Raynier, J. L., Clowez, G., Boileau, P., & Ruetsch‑Chelli, C. (2024). Hallucination rates and reference accuracy of ChatGPT and Bard for systematic reviews: Comparative analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e53164. https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e53164/
• Garcia-Fernandez, C., Felipe, L., Shotande, M., Zitu, M., Tripathi, A., Rasool, G., El Naqa, I., Rudrapatna, V., & Valdes, G. (2025). Trustworthy AI for medicine: Continuous hallucination detection and elimination with CHECK. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11129
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, June 25). The "Pants-on-Fire Index for AI". ScottGraffius.com. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/pants-on-fire-index-for-ai.html
• OpenAI. (2025). OpenAI o3 and o4-mini system card. https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/2221c875-02dc-4789-800b-e7758f3722c1/o3-and-o4-mini-system-card.pdf
• Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Initiative. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2024-ai-index-report
• Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Initiative. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report
• Techopedia. (2025). 48% error rate: AI hallucinations rise in 2025 reasoning systems. https://www.techopedia.com/ai-hallucinations-rise
• Vangala, B. P., Mahmud, S., Neupane, P., Selvaraj, J., & Cheng, J. (2025). HalluMat: Detecting hallucinations in LLM-generated materials science content. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22396
• Vectara. (2025). Hallucination leaderboard – HHEM evaluation model. https://github.com/vectara/hallucination-leaderboard

About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

Sign up for Miro—it's free!

(Want more features? You can always upgrade to a paid plan.)

List of Additional Articles

How to Cite This Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Content Acknowledgements

Tags and Hashtags

• AI accuracy
• AI benchmarks
• AI Hallucinations
• AI Trends
• Artificial Intelligence
• Generative AI
• Large language models (LLMs)
• Responsible AI

• #AIAccuracy
• #AIBenchmarks
• #AIHallucinations
• #AITrends
• #FactualAI
• #GenerativeAI
• #LargeLanguageModels
• #ResponsibleAI

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: AI Hallucinations • Generative AI • Responsible AI • AI Trends • Artificial Intelligence • Large language models (LLMs) • AI accuracy • AI benchmarks

Introduction

2026 Edition Expanded to Cover Human-AI Teams Including "Exotic Team Dynamics"

• In Exotic Team Dynamics: The New Frontier of Human-AI Collaboration (August 8, 2025), Graffius explained that advanced AI is emerging as a teammate, creating entirely new "exotic team dynamics."
• He premiered his talk, Exotic Team Dynamics: Human-AI Collaboration (August 22, 2025), where he offered the audience of technology and business leaders actionable insights for successfully designing these new human-AI teams.
• He published, Scott M. Graffius Premieres His New 'Exotic Team Dynamics: Human-AI Collaboration' Talk at Corporate Event in Las Vegas (August 22, 2025), an article about the above session.
• Graffius released Definitions of Advanced AIs (October 29, 2025) to bring greater clarity and refinement to the terminology.
• He published Lessons from Unhinged AI in Fiction (November 19, 2025) as a counterpoint to optimistic perspectives.
• In Navigating the Spectrum of Advanced AI – Agentic, Autonomous, and Autopoietic (November 21, 2025), Graffius presented an enhanced comparison of different types of advanced AIs.
• Graffius delivered the talk, Voici ce qui se passe lorsque l’IA avancée rejoint votre équipe [This is what happens when advanced AI joins your team] (November 21, 2025).
• His article, A Data-Driven Analysis of the Evolution of Project Management: Tasks, Trends, and AI (December 9, 2025), covered the changing human + AI partnership that’s the future of work.

Phases of Team Development - Applied to Human Teams and Human-AI Teams

1. Forming

2. Storming

3. Norming

4. Performing

5. Adjourning

Conclusion

Glossary

Adjourning

Advanced AI

Agentic AI

AI

Artificial intelligence

Autonomous AI

Autopoietic AI

Emergent protocols

Entangled decision-making

Exotic team dynamics

Exotic team tradecraft

Forming

Human-AI teams

Inverse decision logic

Negative mass

Quantum superposition

Quantum entanglement

Emergent phenomena

Team development

Norming

Performing

Storming

Superposition roles

Bibliography

• 4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne). (2022, May 3). Ghosts in the machine [Video]. 4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne) of the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA4e0NqyYMw
• 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Warfighter Interactions and Readiness Division. (2023). Fights On! Issue 68 Winter 2023: Exploring Human-Machine Teaming for Joint All-Domain Operations. United States Air Force Research Laboratory. https://afresearchlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Fights_On_Issue68_Winter_2023.pdf
• Accenture. (2025). Learning, Reinvented: Accelerating Human-AI Collaboration. Dublin, Ireland: Accenture. https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/consulting/learning-reinvented-accelerating-human-ai-collaboration
• Activision Blizzard. (2022, September 9). Tackling the Talent Shortage: Identifying the Skills Critical for Game Development. https://www.activisionblizzard.com/content/atvi/activisionblizzard/ab-touchui/ab/web/en/newsroom/2022/09/tackling-the-talent-shortage.html
• Adomavičiūtė-Šakė, S. (2022). Komandinio Darbo Ypatumų Analizė Virtualiose Projektų Komandose [Translation of title: Performance Measurement Features of Virtual Project Teams] [Thesis]. Lyderystės Ir Strateginio Valdymo Institutas, Mykolo Romerio Universitetas. https://gs.elaba.lt/object/elaba:116635103/.
• Albon, C. (2025, July 15). Pentagon Taps Four Commercial Tech Firms to Expand Military Use of AI. Defense News. https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2025/07/15/pentagon-taps-four-commercial-tech-firms-to-expand-military-use-of-ai/
• Alfateh, M. A. A., Messaadia, M., & Ali, M. (2023, September). Exploring the Dynamics of Team Formation in Human-Artificial Intelligence Collaboration. In 2023 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), 384-388. DOI:10.1109/DASA59624.2023.10286788
• Alford, J. (2019, April 11). Our Co-Production Journey: From Sandpits to Bird Boxes. London, England, United Kingdom: Imperial College London.
• Ali, A. J., Fuenzalida, J., Gomez, M., & Williams, M. J. (2021, June). Four Lenses on People Management in the Public Sector: An Evidence Review and Synthesis. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 37(2), 335-366.
• Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). What is Quantum AI? https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/quantum-ai/
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute. (2021). APH Quality Handbook. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute.
• Anduril Industries. (2025, May 29). Anduril and Meta Team Up to Transform XR for the American Military. https://www.anduril.com/article/anduril-and-meta-team-up-to-transform-xr-for-the-american-military/
• Anthropic. (2025, June 12). Lesson 10: A closer look at Diligence | AI Fluency: Framework & Foundations Course [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbLf2zb3oPc
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• Graffius, S. M. (2021, June 21). DevOps and Team Leadership [Workshop]. Session at private event in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15380.22401
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, September 11). Navigate the Phases of Team Development with Speed and Agility for Happier and More Productive InfoSec Teams [Presentation]. BSides NCL Newcastle upon Tyne, England 2021 InfoSec Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27961.29280
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, October 5). Navigate the Phases of Team Development with Speed and Agility for Happier and More Productive Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Day 2021 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20055.19365
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, November 8). Bruce Tuckman's Model (Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) is Highly Relevant and Beneficial, But It Doesn't Please Everyone. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/jobs.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, November 10). An Error Was Introduced Into the Seventh Edition of 'A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK).' Los Angeles, California, United States: Scott M. Graffius.
• Graffius, S. M. (2022, February 4). Team Development Tradecraft: A Source of Competitive Advantage [Workshop]. Session at private event in Adelaide, Australia. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14092.80002
• Graffius, S. M. (2022, May 13). Want Happier and More Productive DevOps Teams? [Presentation]. Talk delivered at DevOpsDays Geneva, Switzerland 2022 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22252.85127
• Graffius, S. M. (2023, January 9). Use the Phases of Team Development (Based on Bruce W. Tuckman's Model of Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) to Help Teams Grow and Advance: 2023 Update. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10720.35846
• Graffius, S. M. (2023, April 26). The Science of High-Performance Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the DevOps Institute's SKILup Day 2023 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15888.28169
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• Graffius, S. M. (2023, May 1). Fueling the Development of Innovative and Life-Changing AI Solutions [Presentation]. Talk delivered to an audience of Technology professionals at a private event in Mountain View, California, United States. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27956.73601
• Graffius, S. M. (2023, June 29). What Successful AI Teams Have in Common [Presentation]. Talk delivered at Conf42 Quantum Computing 2023 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29382.45120
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• Graffius, S. M. (2023, October 9). Top 5 Roles on AI Teams. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/ai-team-roles.html https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34857.57449
• Graffius, S. M. (2023, October 13). The Science of High-Performance Game Development Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the W Love Games International Video Game Development Conference 2023 - Helsinki, Finland. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28602.16326
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• Graffius, S. M. (2024, May 3). Leverage Agile and AI to Innovate at the Speed of Light. Talk at private event in Dubai, UAE. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30790.48960
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