• Main Article
• Bibliography
• About Scott M. Graffius
• List of Additional Articles, How to Cite This Article, DOI, Content Acknowledgements, Tags & Hashtags, Post-Publication Notes, Copyright

Temporal Dynamics on Social Media Networks

A Leading Academic Journal Cited Scott M. Graffius' Research

Bibliography

About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

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List of Additional Articles

How to Cite This Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Content Acknowledgements

Tags and Hashtags

• Digital Services Act (DSA)
• Platform governance
• Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts research by Scott M. Graffius
• Social media research
• Large-scale policy data analysis
• Telecommunications Policy

• #AlgorithmicTransparency
• #ContentModeration
• #DataGovernance
• #SocialMediaHalfLife
• #DigitalPolicy
• #DigitalServicesAct
• #PlatformGovernance
• #SocialMedia
• #SocialMediaResearch
• #TelecommunicationsPolicy

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: Digital Services Act (DSA) • Platform governance • Telecommunications Policy • Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts research by Scott M. Graffius • Social Media Research • Large-scale policy data analysis

• Main Article
• References
• About Scott M. Graffius
• List of Additional Articles, How to Cite This Article, DOI, Content Acknowledgements, Tags & Hashtags, Post-Publication Notes, Copyright

Introduction

• Biases, incompleteness, or noise in the training data can lead to overgeneralization or pattern misinterpretation.
• Model overfitting or architectural limitations in autoregressive decoding, where probabilistic predictions prioritize fluency over factual fidelity.
• Lack of grounding in real-world knowledge during generation, exacerbated by the absence of explicit reasoning mechanisms.

AI Hallucinations in 2024

AI Hallucinations in 2025

Conclusion

References

• AboutChromebooks. (2025). AI hallucination rates across different models in 2025. https://www.aboutchromebooks.com/ai-hallucination-rates-across-different-models/
• AllAboutAI. (2025). AI hallucination report 2025: Which AI hallucinates the most? https://www.allaboutai.com/resources/ai-statistics/ai-hallucinations/
• AIMultiple. (2025). AI hallucination: Compare top LLMs. https://research.aimultiple.com/ai-hallucination/
• Anaokar, S., Ganatra, S., Kashid, H., Bhattacharyya, S., Nair, S., Sekhar, R., Manohar, S., Hemrajani, R., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2025). HalluDetect: Detecting, mitigating, and benchmarking hallucinations in conversational systems. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11619
• Bang, Y., Ji, Z., Schelten, A., Hartshorn, A., Fowler, T., Zhang, C., Cancedda, N., & Fung, P. (2025). HalluLens: LLM hallucination benchmark. Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.1176/
• Chelli, M., Descamps, J., Lavoué, V., Trojani, C., Azar, M., Deckert, M., Raynier, J. L., Clowez, G., Boileau, P., & Ruetsch‑Chelli, C. (2024). Hallucination rates and reference accuracy of ChatGPT and Bard for systematic reviews: Comparative analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e53164. https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e53164/
• Garcia-Fernandez, C., Felipe, L., Shotande, M., Zitu, M., Tripathi, A., Rasool, G., El Naqa, I., Rudrapatna, V., & Valdes, G. (2025). Trustworthy AI for medicine: Continuous hallucination detection and elimination with CHECK. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.11129
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, June 25). The "Pants-on-Fire Index for AI". ScottGraffius.com. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/pants-on-fire-index-for-ai.html
• OpenAI. (2025). OpenAI o3 and o4-mini system card. https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/2221c875-02dc-4789-800b-e7758f3722c1/o3-and-o4-mini-system-card.pdf
• Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Initiative. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2024-ai-index-report
• Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Initiative. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report
• Techopedia. (2025). 48% error rate: AI hallucinations rise in 2025 reasoning systems. https://www.techopedia.com/ai-hallucinations-rise
• Vangala, B. P., Mahmud, S., Neupane, P., Selvaraj, J., & Cheng, J. (2025). HalluMat: Detecting hallucinations in LLM-generated materials science content. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22396
• Vectara. (2025). Hallucination leaderboard – HHEM evaluation model. https://github.com/vectara/hallucination-leaderboard

About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

Sign up for Miro—it's free!

(Want more features? You can always upgrade to a paid plan.)

List of Additional Articles

How to Cite This Article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Content Acknowledgements

Tags and Hashtags

• AI accuracy
• AI benchmarks
• AI Hallucinations
• AI Trends
• Artificial Intelligence
• Generative AI
• Large language models (LLMs)
• Responsible AI

• #AIAccuracy
• #AIBenchmarks
• #AIHallucinations
• #AITrends
• #FactualAI
• #GenerativeAI
• #LargeLanguageModels
• #ResponsibleAI

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: AI Hallucinations • Generative AI • Responsible AI • AI Trends • Artificial Intelligence • Large language models (LLMs) • AI accuracy • AI benchmarks

• Main Article
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• About Scott M. Graffius
• List of Additional Articles, How to Cite This Article, DOI, Content Acknowledgements, Permission Request Information, Tags & Hashtags, Select Terms in Multiple Languages, Post-Publication Notes, Copyright

Introduction

2026 Edition Expanded to Cover Human-AI Teams Including "Exotic Team Dynamics"

• In Exotic Team Dynamics: The New Frontier of Human-AI Collaboration (August 8, 2025), Graffius explained that advanced AI is emerging as a teammate, creating entirely new "exotic team dynamics."
• He premiered his talk, Exotic Team Dynamics: Human-AI Collaboration (August 22, 2025), where he offered the audience of technology and business leaders actionable insights for successfully designing these new human-AI teams.
• He published, Scott M. Graffius Premieres His New 'Exotic Team Dynamics: Human-AI Collaboration' Talk at Corporate Event in Las Vegas (August 22, 2025), an article about the above session.
• Graffius released Definitions of Advanced AIs (October 29, 2025) to bring greater clarity and refinement to the terminology.
• He published Lessons from Unhinged AI in Fiction (November 19, 2025) as a counterpoint to optimistic perspectives.
• In Navigating the Spectrum of Advanced AI – Agentic, Autonomous, and Autopoietic (November 21, 2025), Graffius presented an enhanced comparison of different types of advanced AIs.
• Graffius delivered the talk, Voici ce qui se passe lorsque l’IA avancée rejoint votre équipe [This is what happens when advanced AI joins your team] (November 21, 2025).
• His article, A Data-Driven Analysis of the Evolution of Project Management: Tasks, Trends, and AI (December 9, 2025), covered the changing human + AI partnership that’s the future of work.

Phases of Team Development - Applied to Human Teams and Human-AI Teams

1. Forming

2. Storming

3. Norming

4. Performing

5. Adjourning

Conclusion

Glossary

Adjourning

Advanced AI

Agentic AI

AI

Artificial intelligence

Autonomous AI

Autopoietic AI

Emergent protocols

Entangled decision-making

Exotic team dynamics

Exotic team tradecraft

Forming

Human-AI teams

Inverse decision logic

Negative mass

Quantum superposition

Quantum entanglement

Emergent phenomena

Team development

Norming

Performing

Storming

Superposition roles

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• Graffius, S. M. (2021, June 21). DevOps and Team Leadership [Workshop]. Session at private event in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15380.22401
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, September 11). Navigate the Phases of Team Development with Speed and Agility for Happier and More Productive InfoSec Teams [Presentation]. BSides NCL Newcastle upon Tyne, England 2021 InfoSec Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27961.29280
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• Graffius, S. M. (2021, November 8). Bruce Tuckman's Model (Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) is Highly Relevant and Beneficial, But It Doesn't Please Everyone. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/jobs.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2021, November 10). An Error Was Introduced Into the Seventh Edition of 'A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK).' Los Angeles, California, United States: Scott M. Graffius.
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• Graffius, S. M. (2022, May 13). Want Happier and More Productive DevOps Teams? [Presentation]. Talk delivered at DevOpsDays Geneva, Switzerland 2022 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22252.85127
• Graffius, S. M. (2023, January 9). Use the Phases of Team Development (Based on Bruce W. Tuckman's Model of Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning) to Help Teams Grow and Advance: 2023 Update. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10720.35846
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• Graffius, S. M. (2023, June 29). What Successful AI Teams Have in Common [Presentation]. Talk delivered at Conf42 Quantum Computing 2023 Conference. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29382.45120
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• Graffius, S. M. (2023, October 13). The Science of High-Performance Game Development Teams [Presentation]. Talk delivered at the W Love Games International Video Game Development Conference 2023 - Helsinki, Finland. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28602.16326
• Graffius, S. M. (2024, January 5). Scott M. Graffius' Phases of Team Development: 2024 Update. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/teams-2024.html. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28629.40168
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• Graffius, S. M. (2024, May 3). Leverage Agile and AI to Innovate at the Speed of Light. Talk at private event in Dubai, UAE. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30790.48960
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• Graffius, S. M. (2025, August 7). Method and System for Facilitating Hybrid Human-Artificial Intelligence Teams via a Protocolized Mediation Layer for Bi-Directional Translation, Interpretation, and Optimization of Natural Language, Paralinguistic, Prosodic, and Nonverbal Cues Across Text, Audio, and Video Modalities, Incorporating Real-Time Analysis of Auditory Tone, Pitch, Affect, Facial Expressions, Gaze, Posture, and Other Body Language Indicators, Generating AI-Compatible Representations for Human Inputs, Generating Human-Accessible Representations for AI Outputs, Conveying Context-Aware Information in Both Directions, Reducing Cognitive Friction, Enhancing Mutual Intelligibility, Supporting Decision-Making, and Maximizing Collective Task Performance. A novel integration of multimodal communication, cognitive alignment, and human-AI interaction. Los Angeles, California, United States: Scott M. Graffius.
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• Graffius, S. M. (2025, August 22). Scott M. Graffius Premieres His New "Exotic Team Dynamics: Human-AI Collaboration" Talk at Corporate Event in Las Vegas. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/scott-m-graffius-premieres-talk-on-human-and-ai-exotic-team-dynamics.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, September 12). Scott M. Graffius’ Insights on AI, Agile, Gaming, XR, and Defense Transformation Cited by MSN in Their Coverage of Innovation and Leadership in the Sector. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/msn-cites-scott-m-graffius-insights-on-ai.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, October 24). HAN University of Applied Sciences Features the Work of Scott M. Graffius. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/han-university-features-scott-m-graffius.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, October 29). Definitions of Advanced AIs: Agentic, Autonomous, and Autopoietic. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/advanced-ai-definitions.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, November 19). Lessons from Unhinged AI in Fiction: What Rogue AIs in Sci-Fi Storytelling, Films, and TV Shows Reveal About Us. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/lessons-from-unhinged-ai-in-fiction.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, November 21). Navigating the Spectrum of Advanced AI – Agentic, Autonomous, and Autopoietic. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/navigating-the-spectrum-of-advanced-artificial-intelligence.html
• Graffius, S. M. (2025, November 21). This is What Happens When Advanced AI Joins Your Team [Presentation; French translation for contextual clarity: Voici ce qui se passe lorsque l’IA avancée rejoint votre équipe]. Talk delivered in English at a corporate event, Paris, France.
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• Graffius, S. M. (2025, December 20). Scott M. Graffius’ Update to His "Phases of Team Development" Coming Early 2026. ScottGraffius.com. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/scott-m-graffius-phases-of-team-development-2026-coming-soon.html
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About Scott M. Graffius

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

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• Armenian: Թիմի զարգացման փուլեր; Անսովոր թիմային դինամիկա; Ստեղծում, Տևական հակասություն, Կարգավորում, Գործադրում, Ավարտում
• Bengali: দলের বিকাশের ধাপ; বিদেশী দলের গতিশীলতা; গঠন, সংঘাত, মানকরণ, সম্পাদন, সমাপ্তি
• Finnish: Tiimin kehitysvaiheet; Eksoottinen tiimidynamiikka; Muodostaminen, Konflikti, Normalisointi, Suorittaminen, Päättäminen
• French: Phases de développement de l'équipe; Dynamiques d'équipe exotiques; Formation, Conflit, Normalisation, Performance, Clôture
• German: Phasen der Teamentwicklung; Exotische Teamdynamik; Formierung, Sturm, Normierung, Leistung, Abschluss
• Greek: Φάσεις ανάπτυξης ομάδας; Εξωτική δυναμική ομάδας; Σχηματισμός, Σύγκρουση, Κανονικοποίηση, Εκτέλεση, Ολοκλήρωση
• Hindi: टीम विकास के चरण; विदेशी टीम गतिशीलता; निर्माण, संघर्ष, सामान्यीकरण, प्रदर्शन, समापन
• Indonesian (Malay): Tahapan Pengembangan Tim; Dinamika Tim Eksotis; Pembentukan, Konflik, Normalisasi, Pelaksanaan, Penutupan
• Italian: Fasi dello sviluppo del team; Dinamiche di team esotiche; Formazione, Conflitto, Normalizzazione, Esecuzione, Chiusura
• Japanese: チーム開発の段階; エキゾチックなチームのダイナミクス; 形成, 混乱, 標準化, 実行, 終結
• Mandarin Chinese: 团队发展阶段; 异国团队动力; 形成, 风暴, 规范化, 执行, 结束
• Marathi: टीम विकासाच्या टप्प्या; विदेशी टीम डायनॅमिक्स; निर्मिती, संघर्ष, मानकीकरण, कार्यप्रदर्शन, समापन
• Modern Standard Arabic: مراحل تطوير الفريق; ديناميكيات الفريق الغريبة; التكوين, الصراع, التطبيع, الأداء, الانتهاء
• Portuguese: Fases de desenvolvimento da equipe; Dinâmicas de equipe exóticas; Formação, Conflito, Normalização, Desempenho, Encerramento
• Russian: Этапы развития команды; Экзотическая динамика команды; Формирование, Штурм, Нормирование, Выполнение, Завершение
• Swahili: Hatua za Maendeleo ya Timu; Mienendo ya Timu Isiyo ya Kawaida; Kuunda, Mgongano, Kuweka viwango, Kutekeleza, Kumaliza
• Swedish: Faser av teamutveckling; Exotisk teamdynamik; Formering, Konflikt, Normering, Genomförande, Avslutning
• Tamil: குழு வளர்ச்சி கட்டங்கள்; விசித்திர குழு இயக்கங்கள்; உருவாக்கம், கலக்கம், நிலைமைப்படுத்தல், செயல்பாடு, நிறைவு
• Telugu: జట్టు అభివృద్ధి దశలు; విపరీతమైన జట్టు డైనమిక్స్; రూపకల్పన, సతకలహం, సూత్రీకరణ, ప్రదర్శన, ముగింపు
• Turkish: Takım Gelişim Aşamaları; Egzotik Takım Dinamikleri; Oluşum, Çatışma, Normlaştırma, Uygulama, Kapanış
• Urdu: ٹیم کی ترقی کے مراحل; غیر ملکی ٹیم کی حرکیات; تشکیل, تصادم, معمول بنانا, کارکردگی, اختتام
• Western Punjabi: ٹیم کی ترقی کے مراحل; غیر ملکی ٹیم ڈائنامکس; بنانا, ٹکراؤ, معمول بنانا, کارکردگی, اختتام
• Wu Chinese (Shanghainese): 团队发展阶段; 异国团队动力; 形成, 风暴, 规范化, 执行, 结束

Post-Publication Notes

Copyright

Tags: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning • Human and Human-AI Teams Including “Exotic Team Dynamics” • Scott M. Graffius’ Phases of Team Development • Stages of Team Development • Team Dynamics • Team Leadership • Tuckman Model

Introduction

Five Standout Examples

1969 Report: Early Computing and Banking Automation

1971 Report: Cassette-Based Car Navigation System

Lessons for today

Ingenious for a pre-GPS era, but utterly rigid—if a driver missed a turn or deviated, the system de-synced with no recovery, requiring a restart. This brittleness mirrors early rule-based AI systems that excelled in controlled environments but crumbled in real-world variability. Modern navigation AI (e.g., Google Maps) thrives on real-time data, machine learning, and dynamic rerouting, underscoring the importance of error detection, adaptability, and user forgiveness in robust technology design.

1979 Report: Early Mobile Phone Prototype

This story demonstrated a bulky, early mobile or car-based telephone that promised freedom from landlines.

Lessons for today

Early devices were fragile, limited in range, and impractical for everyday use (huge batteries, poor signal). This mirrors early AI prototypes—clever in demos but brittle in real-world deployment. Modern smartphones and AI assistants (e.g., Siri) succeeded by integrating connectivity, miniaturization, and cloud-based adaptability, emphasizing ecosystem building over isolated hardware.

1970s–1980s Reports: Early Robotics and Household Robots

Segments on domestic helpers promised leisure-filled futures but highlighted clunky, unreliable machines.

Lessons for today

Robots excelled in controlled demos but failed in unpredictable homes (similar to the cassette nav's intolerance for deviations). Modern AI robotics succeed through sensor fusion, learning from data, and error recovery, capabilities that were absent from early demonstration systems. General-purpose adaptability (a key AI challenge) trumps narrow cleverness.

1995 Report: Asteroid Mining in 2025

This story predicted the routine mining of asteroids for precious metals to solve Earth's resource shortages.

Lessons for today

Overly optimistic timeline (we're only now seeing early missions, such as NASA's OSIRIS-REx). Parallels ambitious AI forecasts (e.g., AGI by 2030 claims)—resource extraction requires incremental progress in robotics, propulsion, and economics. Modern AI for space (e.g., autonomous rovers, satellite management) benefits from grounded, iterative development rather than grand leaps.

Conclusion

These reports from the past illustrate recurring patterns:

• Predictions mix hits with misses.
• Prototypes may initially dazzle, but they often fall short on real-world use.
• Themes include impressive ingenuity constrained by rigidity, lack of scalability, over-optimism about timelines, and the critical need for adaptability.
• Progress accelerates when constraints inspire hybrid solutions.

The Tomorrow's World collection serves as a humbling reminder for today's fanfare. Innovation thrives on learning from past rigidity to build resilient real-world systems.

Those and related factors later drove the rise of Agile in the early 2000s, as teams moved away from rigid, waterfall-style planning in favor of iterative, collaborative, and customer-centered development.

And today, when humans collaborate with advanced AI, "exotic team dynamics" emerge, and these hybrid human-AI teams are reshaping the future of work.

Bibliography

BBC Archive. (1969). Tomorrow’s World: New Banking [Video]. https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/tomorrows-world--new-banking/zbvm92p

BBC Archive. (1971). Tomorrow’s World: Cassette-Based Navigation [Video]. https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/cassette-based-navigation-1971/z6sbt39

BBC Archive. (1979). Tomorrow’s World: Mobile Phone [Video]. https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/tomorrows-world--mobile-phone/zjnqrj6

BBC Archive. (1981). Tomorrow’s World: Hissing Sid [Video]. https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farchive%2Ftomorrows-world--hissing-sid%2Fzhm9f4j

BBC Archive. (1995). Tomorrow’s World: Asteroid mining in 2025 [Video]. https://www.bbc.com/videos/cj6zxwnzl1po

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About Scott M. Graffius

Scott M. Graffius is a strategic transformation leader who drives AI, Agile, and broader business and technology initiatives to deliver measurable value across projects, programs, portfolios, and PMOs. He is an expert in the teamwork tradecraft of both human and human-AI teams, including the “exotic team dynamics” that emerge. He is also an authority on the temporal patterns of social media, including the half-life of audience engagement.

He’s a practitioner, researcher, thought leader, award-winning author, and keynote speaker who’s taken the stage at 96 conferences and other events across 25 countries.

He’s delivered over $2.3 billion in value for Fortune 500 companies and other leaders in technology, entertainment, financial services, healthcare, and beyond.

Businesses, professional associations, government agencies, and universities use Graffius and feature his work. Examples include Adobe, Bayer, Boston University, Ford, Gartner, Harvard Medical School, IEEE, Johns Hopkins University, Microsoft, MSN, National Academy of Sciences, Oracle, Pinterest Inc., Project Management Institute, UC San Diego, Verizon, Yale University, and others.

The following sections provide additional information on his experience, contributions, and influence.

Experience

Graffius heads the professional services firm Exceptional PPM and PMO Solutions, along with its subsidiary Exceptional Agility. These consultancies offer strategic and tactical advisory, training, embedded expertise, and consulting services to the public, private, and government sectors. They help organizations enhance their capabilities and results in agile, project management, program management, portfolio management, and PMO leadership, supporting innovation and driving competitive advantage. The consultancies confidently back services with a Delighted Client Guarantee™.

Graffius is a former VP of project management with a publicly traded provider of diverse consumer products and services over the Internet. Before that, he ran and supervised the delivery of projects and programs in public and private organizations with businesses ranging from e-commerce to advanced technology products and services, retail, manufacturing, entertainment, and more.

He has experience with consumer, business, reseller, government, and international markets.

Award-Winning Author

Graffius has authored three books.

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions, his first book, earned 17 awards.
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change, his second book, was named one of the best Scrum books of all time by BookAuthority.
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum, his third book and his first work of fiction, was released in April 2025. The book trailer is on YouTube.

International Public Speaker

Organizations worldwide engage Graffius to present on tech (including AI), Agile, project management, program management, portfolio management, and PMO leadership. He crafts and delivers unique and compelling talks and workshops. Graffius has conducted 96 sessions across 25 countries. Select examples of events include Agile Trends Gov, BSides (Newcastle Upon Tyne), Conf42 Quantum Computing, DevDays Europe, DevOps Institute, DevOpsDays (Geneva), Frug’Agile, IEEE, Microsoft, Scottish Summit, Scrum Alliance RSG (Nepal), Techstars, and W Love Games International Video Game Development Conference (Helsinki), and more.

With an average rating of 4.81 (on a scale of 1-5), sessions are highly valued.

The speaker engagement request form is here.

Thought Leadership and Influence

Prominent businesses, professional associations, government agencies, and universities have showcased Graffius and his contributions—spanning his books, talks, workshops, and beyond. Select examples include:

• Adobe,
• American Management Association,
• Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
• Bayer,
• BMC Software,
• Boston University,
• Broadcom,
• Cisco,
• Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Germany,
• Computer Weekly,
• Constructor University - Germany,
• Data Governance Success,
• Deimos Aerospace,
• DevOps Institute,
• Dropbox,
• EU's European Commission,
• Ford Motor Company,
• Gartner,
• GoDaddy,
• Harvard Medical School,
• Hasso Plattner Institute - Germany,
• IEEE,
• Innovation Project Management,
• Johns Hopkins University,
• Journal of Neurosurgery,
• Lam Research (Semiconductors),
• Leadership Worthy,
• Life Sciences Trainers and Educators Network,
• London South Bank University,
• Microsoft,
• MSN,
• NASSCOM,
• National Academy of Sciences,
• New Zealand Government,
• Oracle,
• Pinterest Inc.,
• Project Management Institute,
• Mary Raum (Professor of National Security Affairs, United States Naval War College),
• SANS Institute,
• SBG Neumark - Germany,
• Singapore Institute of Technology,
• Torrens University - Australia,
• TBS Switzerland,
• Tufts University,
• UC San Diego,
• UK Sports Institute,
• University of Galway - Ireland,
• US Department of Energy,
• US National Park Service,
• US Soccer,
• US Tennis Association,
• Verizon,
• Wrike,
• Yale University,
• and many others.

Graffius has played a key role in the Project Management Institute (PMI) in developing professional standards. He was a member of multiple teams that authored, reviewed, and produced:

• Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures—Second Edition.
• A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge—Sixth Edition.
• The Standard for Program Management—Fourth Edition.
• The Practice Standard for Project Estimating—Second Edition.

Additional details are here.

He was also a subject matter expert reviewer of content for the PMI’s Congress. Beyond the PMI, Graffius also served as a member of the review team for two of the Scrum Alliance’s Global Scrum Gatherings.

Acclaimed Authority on Teamwork Tradecraft



Graffius is a renowned authority on teamwork tradecraft. Informed by the research of Bruce W. Tuckman and Mary Ann C. Jensen, over 100 subsequent studies, and Graffius' first-hand professional experience with, and analysis of, team leadership and performance, Graffius created his 'Phases of Team Development' as a unique perspective and visual conveying the five phases of team development. First introduced in 2008 and periodically updated, his work provides a diagnostic and strategic guide for navigating team dynamics. It provides actionable insights for leaders across industries to develop high-performance teams. Its adoption by esteemed organizations such as Yale University, IEEE, Cisco, Microsoft, Ford, Oracle, Broadcom, the U.S. National Park Service, and the Journal of Neurosurgery, among others, highlights its utility and value, solidifying its status as an indispensable resource for elevating team performance and driving organizational excellence.

The 2025 edition of Graffius' "Phases of Team Development" intellectual property is here.

Expert on Temporal Dynamics on Social Media Platforms



Graffius is also an authority on temporal dynamics on social media platforms. His 'Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts' research—first published in 2018 and updated annually—delivers a precise quantitative analysis of post longevity across digital platforms, utilizing advanced statistical techniques to determine mean half-life with precision. It establishes a solid empirical base, effectively highlighting the ephemeral nature of content within social media ecosystems. Referenced and applied by leading entities such as the Center for Direct Marketing, Fast Company, GoDaddy, Pinterest Inc., and PNAS, among others, his research exemplifies methodological rigor and sustained significance in the field of digital informatics.

The 2025 edition of Graffius "Lifespan (Half-Life) of Social Media Posts" research is here.

Education and Professional Certifications

Graffius has a bachelor’s degree in psychology with a focus in Human Factors. He holds eight professional certifications:

• Certified SAFe 6 Agilist (SA),
• Certified Scrum Professional - ScrumMaster (CSP-SM),
• Certified Scrum Professional - Product Owner (CSP-PO),
• Certified ScrumMaster (CSM),
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO),
• Project Management Professional (PMP),
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt (LSSGB), and
• IT Service Management Foundation (ITIL).

He is an active member of the Scrum Alliance, the Project Management Institute (PMI), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Advancing AI, Agile, and Project/PMO Management

Scott M. Graffius continues to advance the fields of AI, Agile, and Project/PMO Management through his leadership, research, writing, and real-world impact. Businesses and other organizations leverage Graffius’ insights to drive their success.

Check out Scott’s books:

• Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions — Deliver Products in Short Cycles with Rapid Adaptation to Change, Fast Time-to-Market, and Continuous Improvement
• Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
• Agile Protocol: The Transformation Ultimatum

Follow and connect with Scott on social media:

• LinkedIn
• X
• YouTube
• Facebook
• Threads
• Bluesky
• ResearchGate

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How to Cite This Article

Graffius, S. M. (2025, December 29). Lessons from Yesterday’s Tomorrowland. ScottGraffius.com. https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/lessons-from-yesterdays-tomorrowland.html

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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

DOI: (coming soon)

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Content Acknowledgements

Names, marks, and content are the property of their respective owners.

Tomorrow’s World is a registered program of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The BBC owns all intellectual property rights in the series. The program is referenced and attributed here under fair use for purposes of news reporting and analysis.

The term “tomorrowland” is used in this article in a general context and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by The Walt Disney Company. Disney owns the trademark “Tomorrowland” in connection with its parks, rides, and merchandise.

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Post-Publication Notes

If there are any supplements or updates to this article after the date of publication, they will appear here.

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Copyright

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Content on this site—including text, images, videos, and data—may not be used for training or input into any artificial intelligence, machine learning, or automatized learning systems, or published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without the express written permission of Scott M. Graffius.

Tags: Early technology prototypes • AI and automation insights • History of innovation • Predicting future technology – banking, navigation, mobile phones, robotics, asteroid mining • Robotics and household machines