Steven Goodwin
TurningWest's 'Trial'
08 October 2024
BY SCOTT M. GRAFFIUS | ScottGraffius.com
Introduction
Plagiarism—defined as ‘to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another's production) without crediting the source’ (source: Merriam-Webster)—infringes on the intellectual property rights of others, results in misinformation, and often violates copyright.
Background
Informed by the research of Bruce W. Tuckman and Mary Ann C. Jensen, over 100 subsequent studies, and Scott M. Graffius' first-hand professional experience with, and analysis of, team leadership and performance, Graffius created his ‘Phases of Team Development’ as a unique perspective and visual conveying the five phases of team development—Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning—inclusive of a graph showing how performance varies by phase, as well as the characteristics and strategies for each phase.
Graffius' intellectual property (IP) is registered with the United States Copyright Office.
Graffius initially developed his ‘Phases of Team Development’ unique material in 2008, and he periodically refreshes it.
For reference, the visual applicable to this case (2021 edition) is shown below [Exhibit 1] and is available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22040.42246.
As shown above, Graffius’ copyright ownership details are integrated into and appear on his copyrighted property. Specifically, it reads: “Copyright © 2008-2021 Scott M. Graffius. All rights reserved. For permission requests, contact scott@scottgraffius.com.”
Again, this 2021 edition is referenced because it is the one applicable to this case.
Organizations around the world engage Graffius to deliver compelling talks and workshops. To date, he's presented sessions at 91 conferences and other events across 25 countries:
Graffius ‘Phases of Team Development’ IP is central and key to many of those sessions. His rate card and a listing of his engagements are at https://scottgraffius.com/resources/Exceptional-PPM-and-PMO-Solutions-Rate-Card-for-2024-2025-v24071607.pdf and https://scottgraffius.com/publicspeaker.html, respectively.
With an authorization/license from Graffius, his copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ intellectual property is featured and used by businesses, professional associations, government agencies, and universities around the globe. Examples include:
Details on the Plagiarism
Note: All evidence has been preserved.
A whistleblower tip informed Scott M. Graffius that a video is using Graffius’ intellectual property. The video was identified as:
Exhibit 2 is shown below. It provides an overview, including thumbnail images from the the video.
Graffius reviewed TurningWest’s 2024 video and saw numerous examples of material—content on the characteristics and strategies for the phases of team development—plagiarized from Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property.
TurningWest did not request nor receive permission to use Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property. Yet, TurningWest used it (some with slight rewording such as changing "recognizing" to "recognize" and similar, which remains plagiarism) commercially and without attribution.
Again, plagiarism is defined as ‘to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another's production) without crediting the source’ (source: Merriam-Webster). TurningWest’s presentation plagiarized Graffius’ copyrighted ’Phases of Team Development,’ violating his intellectual property.
Instances of TurningWest changing a word from a section from Graffius’ copyrighted property that’s in the present participle form (such as "recognizing") to the present simple form (such as "recognize") or otherwise similar slight rewording is still stealing Graffius' words and ideas; it is still plagiarism. The combination of such rewording and lack of attribution may be seen as a signal of intent to deceive. Regardless of whether the infringement was intentional or "inadvertent," the actions misrepresent the originator of the words and ideas, which is at the heart of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is a profound and disgraceful breach of professional ethics, moral standards, and Graffius’ intellectual property rights.
Graffius maintains, enforces, and protects his copyright and other intellectual property rights.
Graffius informed TurningWest and TurningWest’s Steve Goodwin about the infringement. An excerpt: "An authorized example of my copyrighted property is at https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22040.42246 and other locations. Steven Goodwin and Megan Sands of TurningWest's presentation used some of my intellectual property ... with no attribution to me whatsoever. By doing so, they are falsely leading others to wrongly believe that they are the authors and owners of my intellectual property. Uncool."
Here’s a reaction from TurningWest's Goodwin: "I have never heard of you before and have never seen any of your materials. This is very basic information and foundational to all team formation efforts." As shown by the indisputable proof to come, Goodwin's reaction is problematic for him. TurningWest plagiarized Graffius' work.
Here’s another reaction from TurningWest's Goodwin: "Who are you and what kind of scam are you trying to pull? I have NEVER heard your name before nor have I EVER seen one word of your materials." Again, as shown by the indisputable proof to come, Goodwin's reaction is problematic for him. TurningWest plagiarized Graffius' work.
Additionally, by TurningWest not taking responsibility for and addressing their damaging plagiarism, TurningWest continues to spread misinformation and is directly responsible for their ongoing violation of Graffius' intellectual property.
When Graffius reviewed the TurningWest's infringing 2024 video, he saw that content on the characteristics and strategies for the phases of team development was teeming with plagiarized material from Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property. The indisputable proof follows.
Here's Exhibit 3. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Forming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Exhibit 4 is below. It provides diligent, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Storming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows more examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 5. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Norming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows additional examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 6. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Performing phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 7. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Adjourning phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows additional examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Each of the five immediately preceding exhibits (Exhibit 3, Exhibit 4, Exhibit 5, Exhibit 6, and Exhibit 7) showed examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words and ideas as their own. Individually, the exhibits are compelling. Collectively, they form an irrefutable, damning picture of TurningWest's plagiarism.
Given the indisputable facts, TurningWest’s Goodwin must now reflect on his earlier reactions with regret, as they have cast him in an entirely unfavorable light.
Graffius' 'Phases of Team Development' is registered with the US Copyright Office. TurningWest did not request nor receive permission to use Graffius' property. Yet, TurningWest used Graffius' property commercially and without attribution. TurningWest's actions are a disgraceful breach of professional ethics, moral standards, and Graffius’ intellectual property rights.
TurningWest's plagiarism damaged the marketability and value of Graffius' copyrighted property. Further, by not taking responsibility for and addressing their damaging plagiarism, TurningWest continues to spread misinformation and is directly responsible for their ongoing violation of Graffius' intellectual property.
Graffius maintains, enforces, and protects his copyright and other intellectual property rights. Plagiarism often involves the violation of copyright, and copyright infringement is so serious that it is a Federal crime. For many reasons including facts covered in this article, if Graffius opts to take legal action against TurningWest for their violation of his copyright, the Federal case will include the greater of statutory damages or actual damages, special charges for willful infringement (which has been clarified by the courts to be either "intentional behavior" or merely "reckless behavior"), and additional costs.
If there's an update after this article is published, the information will appear in the Post-Publication Notes section.
About Scott M. Graffius
Scott M. Graffius is a global leader in agile project management, an expert on teamwork tradecraft, an authority on temporal dynamics on social media platforms, a creator, a consultant, a trainer, an award-winning author, and an international public speaker.
See his bio to learn more.
About Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions
Shifting customer needs are common in today's marketplace. Businesses must be adaptive and responsive to change while delivering an exceptional customer experience to be competitive.
There are a variety of frameworks supporting the development of products and services, and most approaches fall into one of two broad categories: traditional or agile. Traditional practices such as waterfall engage sequential development, while agile involves iterative and incremental deliverables. Organizations are increasingly embracing agile to manage projects, and best meet their business needs of rapid response to change, fast delivery speed, and more.
With clear and easy to follow step-by-step instructions, Scott M. Graffius's award-winning Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions helps the reader:
Hailed by Literary Titan as “the book highlights the versatility of Scrum beautifully.”
Winner of 17 first place awards.
Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions is available in paperback and ebook/Kindle in the United States and around the world. Some links by country follow.
About Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
Thriving in today's marketplace frequently depends on making a transformation to become more agile. Those successful in the transition enjoy faster delivery speed and ROI, higher satisfaction, continuous improvement, and additional benefits.
Based on actual events, Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change provides a quick (60-90 minute) read about a successful agile transformation at a multinational entertainment and media company, told from the author's perspective as an agile coach.
The award-winning book by Scott M. Graffius is available in paperback and ebook/Kindle in the United States and around the world. Some links by country follow.
How to Cite This Article
Graffius, Scott M. (2024, October 8). TurningWest's Trial. Available at: https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/turningwest.html. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19899.84008.
Post-Publication Notes
If there are any supplements or updates to this article after the date of publication, they will appear here.
Content Acknowledgements
This article uses limited excerpts from TurningWest, attributed to TurningWest and used under fair use for news reporting and analysis. TurningWest name, mark, and content (except for what was plagiarized) are the property of TurningWest.
Copyright
Copyright © Scott M. Graffius. All rights reserved.
Content on this site—including text, images, videos, and data—may not be used for training or input into any artificial intelligence, machine learning, or automatized learning systems, or published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without the express written permission of Scott M. Graffius.
A PDF of this article is here
The short link for this article is https://bit.ly/turningwest
Introduction
Plagiarism—defined as ‘to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another's production) without crediting the source’ (source: Merriam-Webster)—infringes on the intellectual property rights of others, results in misinformation, and often violates copyright.
Background
Informed by the research of Bruce W. Tuckman and Mary Ann C. Jensen, over 100 subsequent studies, and Scott M. Graffius' first-hand professional experience with, and analysis of, team leadership and performance, Graffius created his ‘Phases of Team Development’ as a unique perspective and visual conveying the five phases of team development—Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning—inclusive of a graph showing how performance varies by phase, as well as the characteristics and strategies for each phase.
Graffius' intellectual property (IP) is registered with the United States Copyright Office.
Graffius initially developed his ‘Phases of Team Development’ unique material in 2008, and he periodically refreshes it.
For reference, the visual applicable to this case (2021 edition) is shown below [Exhibit 1] and is available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22040.42246.
As shown above, Graffius’ copyright ownership details are integrated into and appear on his copyrighted property. Specifically, it reads: “Copyright © 2008-2021 Scott M. Graffius. All rights reserved. For permission requests, contact scott@scottgraffius.com.”
Again, this 2021 edition is referenced because it is the one applicable to this case.
Organizations around the world engage Graffius to deliver compelling talks and workshops. To date, he's presented sessions at 91 conferences and other events across 25 countries:
- Armenia,
- Australia,
- Brazil,
- Canada,
- Czech Republic,
- Finland,
- France,
- Germany,
- Greece,
- Hong Kong,
- Hungary,
- India,
- Ireland,
- Lithuania,
- Luxembourg,
- Nepal,
- Netherlands,
- New Zealand,
- Norway,
- Romania,
- Sweden,
- Switzerland,
- United Arab Emirates,
- United Kingdom,
- and the United States.
Graffius ‘Phases of Team Development’ IP is central and key to many of those sessions. His rate card and a listing of his engagements are at https://scottgraffius.com/resources/Exceptional-PPM-and-PMO-Solutions-Rate-Card-for-2024-2025-v24071607.pdf and https://scottgraffius.com/publicspeaker.html, respectively.
With an authorization/license from Graffius, his copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ intellectual property is featured and used by businesses, professional associations, government agencies, and universities around the globe. Examples include:
- Adobe,
- American Management Association,
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute,
- Boston University,
- Broadcom,
- Cisco,
- Deimos Aerospace,
- DevOps Institute,
- Erste Group Bank AG (Austria),
- FINAT,
- Ford Motor Company,
- FSU College of Medicine,
- Hasso Plattner Institute,
- IEEE,
- James Madison University,
- Johns Hopkins University,
- LeadingEng,
- London South Bank University,
- Manufacturers Alliance,
- Microsoft,
- New Zealand Government,
- Oracle,
- Royal Australasian College of Physicians,
- TBS Switzerland,
- Torrens University Australia,
- Tufts University,
- U.S. National Park Service,
- U.S. Tennis Association,
- UC San Diego,
- UK Sports Institute,
- University of Galway Ireland,
- Victorian Institute of Technology (Australia),
- Virginia Tech,
- Warsaw University,
- Western Sydney University,
- World Resources Institute,
- Yale University,
- and many others.
Details on the Plagiarism
Note: All evidence has been preserved.
A whistleblower tip informed Scott M. Graffius that a video is using Graffius’ intellectual property. The video was identified as:
- Publisher of video: TurningWest
- Date of publication: 16 September 2024
- Title of video: ‘9 13 24 Mastering Team Dev webinar’ (note: the preceding is what is listed on YouTube as the title; however, for reference, the video itself notes that the title is: 'Mastering Team Development: Key Modules and Performance Examples')
- Link to video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7qldELhp7s
Exhibit 2 is shown below. It provides an overview, including thumbnail images from the the video.
Graffius reviewed TurningWest’s 2024 video and saw numerous examples of material—content on the characteristics and strategies for the phases of team development—plagiarized from Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property.
TurningWest did not request nor receive permission to use Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property. Yet, TurningWest used it (some with slight rewording such as changing "recognizing" to "recognize" and similar, which remains plagiarism) commercially and without attribution.
Again, plagiarism is defined as ‘to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another's production) without crediting the source’ (source: Merriam-Webster). TurningWest’s presentation plagiarized Graffius’ copyrighted ’Phases of Team Development,’ violating his intellectual property.
Instances of TurningWest changing a word from a section from Graffius’ copyrighted property that’s in the present participle form (such as "recognizing") to the present simple form (such as "recognize") or otherwise similar slight rewording is still stealing Graffius' words and ideas; it is still plagiarism. The combination of such rewording and lack of attribution may be seen as a signal of intent to deceive. Regardless of whether the infringement was intentional or "inadvertent," the actions misrepresent the originator of the words and ideas, which is at the heart of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is a profound and disgraceful breach of professional ethics, moral standards, and Graffius’ intellectual property rights.
Graffius maintains, enforces, and protects his copyright and other intellectual property rights.
Graffius informed TurningWest and TurningWest’s Steve Goodwin about the infringement. An excerpt: "An authorized example of my copyrighted property is at https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22040.42246 and other locations. Steven Goodwin and Megan Sands of TurningWest's presentation used some of my intellectual property ... with no attribution to me whatsoever. By doing so, they are falsely leading others to wrongly believe that they are the authors and owners of my intellectual property. Uncool."
Here’s a reaction from TurningWest's Goodwin: "I have never heard of you before and have never seen any of your materials. This is very basic information and foundational to all team formation efforts." As shown by the indisputable proof to come, Goodwin's reaction is problematic for him. TurningWest plagiarized Graffius' work.
Here’s another reaction from TurningWest's Goodwin: "Who are you and what kind of scam are you trying to pull? I have NEVER heard your name before nor have I EVER seen one word of your materials." Again, as shown by the indisputable proof to come, Goodwin's reaction is problematic for him. TurningWest plagiarized Graffius' work.
Additionally, by TurningWest not taking responsibility for and addressing their damaging plagiarism, TurningWest continues to spread misinformation and is directly responsible for their ongoing violation of Graffius' intellectual property.
When Graffius reviewed the TurningWest's infringing 2024 video, he saw that content on the characteristics and strategies for the phases of team development was teeming with plagiarized material from Graffius’ 2021 copyrighted ‘Phases of Team Development’ property. The indisputable proof follows.
Here's Exhibit 3. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Forming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Exhibit 4 is below. It provides diligent, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Storming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows more examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 5. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Norming phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows additional examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 6. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Performing phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Here's Exhibit 7. It's a delineated, side-by-side comparison of content on the characteristics and strategies for the Adjourning phase of team development. Respective content from Graffius' 2021 copyrighted 'Phases of Team Development' appears with a green background. Material from TurningWest's infringing 2024 video is exposed with a red background. It shows additional examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words or ideas as their own.
Each of the five immediately preceding exhibits (Exhibit 3, Exhibit 4, Exhibit 5, Exhibit 6, and Exhibit 7) showed examples of TurningWest's plagiarism—TurningWest stealing and passing off Graffius' words and ideas as their own. Individually, the exhibits are compelling. Collectively, they form an irrefutable, damning picture of TurningWest's plagiarism.
Given the indisputable facts, TurningWest’s Goodwin must now reflect on his earlier reactions with regret, as they have cast him in an entirely unfavorable light.
Graffius' 'Phases of Team Development' is registered with the US Copyright Office. TurningWest did not request nor receive permission to use Graffius' property. Yet, TurningWest used Graffius' property commercially and without attribution. TurningWest's actions are a disgraceful breach of professional ethics, moral standards, and Graffius’ intellectual property rights.
TurningWest's plagiarism damaged the marketability and value of Graffius' copyrighted property. Further, by not taking responsibility for and addressing their damaging plagiarism, TurningWest continues to spread misinformation and is directly responsible for their ongoing violation of Graffius' intellectual property.
Graffius maintains, enforces, and protects his copyright and other intellectual property rights. Plagiarism often involves the violation of copyright, and copyright infringement is so serious that it is a Federal crime. For many reasons including facts covered in this article, if Graffius opts to take legal action against TurningWest for their violation of his copyright, the Federal case will include the greater of statutory damages or actual damages, special charges for willful infringement (which has been clarified by the courts to be either "intentional behavior" or merely "reckless behavior"), and additional costs.
If there's an update after this article is published, the information will appear in the Post-Publication Notes section.
About Scott M. Graffius
Scott M. Graffius is a global leader in agile project management, an expert on teamwork tradecraft, an authority on temporal dynamics on social media platforms, a creator, a consultant, a trainer, an award-winning author, and an international public speaker.
See his bio to learn more.
About Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions
Shifting customer needs are common in today's marketplace. Businesses must be adaptive and responsive to change while delivering an exceptional customer experience to be competitive.
There are a variety of frameworks supporting the development of products and services, and most approaches fall into one of two broad categories: traditional or agile. Traditional practices such as waterfall engage sequential development, while agile involves iterative and incremental deliverables. Organizations are increasingly embracing agile to manage projects, and best meet their business needs of rapid response to change, fast delivery speed, and more.
With clear and easy to follow step-by-step instructions, Scott M. Graffius's award-winning Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions helps the reader:
- Implement and use the most popular agile framework―Scrum;
- Deliver products in short cycles with rapid adaptation to change, fast time-to-market, and continuous improvement; and
- Support innovation and drive competitive advantage.
Hailed by Literary Titan as “the book highlights the versatility of Scrum beautifully.”
Winner of 17 first place awards.
Agile Scrum: Your Quick Start Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions is available in paperback and ebook/Kindle in the United States and around the world. Some links by country follow.
- 🇧🇷 Brazil
- 🇨🇦 Canada
- 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
- 🇩🇰 Denmark
- 🇫🇮 Finland
- 🇫🇷 France
- 🇩🇪 Germany
- 🇬🇷 Greece
- 🇭🇺 Hungary
- 🇮🇳 India
- 🇮🇪 Ireland
- 🇮🇱 Israel
- 🇮🇹 Italy
- 🇯🇵 Japan
- 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
- 🇲🇽 Mexico
- 🇳🇱 Netherlands
- 🇳🇿 New Zealand
- 🇳🇴 Norway
- 🇪🇸 Spain
- 🇸🇪 Sweden
- 🇨🇭 Switzerland
- 🇦🇪 UAE
- 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
- 🇺🇸 United States
About Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change
Thriving in today's marketplace frequently depends on making a transformation to become more agile. Those successful in the transition enjoy faster delivery speed and ROI, higher satisfaction, continuous improvement, and additional benefits.
Based on actual events, Agile Transformation: A Brief Story of How an Entertainment Company Developed New Capabilities and Unlocked Business Agility to Thrive in an Era of Rapid Change provides a quick (60-90 minute) read about a successful agile transformation at a multinational entertainment and media company, told from the author's perspective as an agile coach.
The award-winning book by Scott M. Graffius is available in paperback and ebook/Kindle in the United States and around the world. Some links by country follow.
- 🇦🇺 Australia
- 🇦🇹 Austria
- 🇧🇷 Brazil
- 🇨🇦 Canada
- 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
- 🇩🇰 Denmark
- 🇫🇮 Finland
- 🇫🇷 France
- 🇩🇪 Germany
- 🇬🇷 Greece
- 🇮🇳 India
- 🇮🇪 Ireland
- 🇯🇵 Japan
- 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
- 🇲🇽 Mexico
- 🇳🇱 Netherlands
- 🇳🇿 New Zealand
- 🇪🇸 Spain
- 🇸🇪 Sweden
- 🇨🇭 Switzerland
- 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
- 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
- 🇺🇸 United States
How to Cite This Article
Graffius, Scott M. (2024, October 8). TurningWest's Trial. Available at: https://scottgraffius.com/blog/files/turningwest.html. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19899.84008.
Post-Publication Notes
If there are any supplements or updates to this article after the date of publication, they will appear here.
Content Acknowledgements
This article uses limited excerpts from TurningWest, attributed to TurningWest and used under fair use for news reporting and analysis. TurningWest name, mark, and content (except for what was plagiarized) are the property of TurningWest.
Copyright
Copyright © Scott M. Graffius. All rights reserved.
Content on this site—including text, images, videos, and data—may not be used for training or input into any artificial intelligence, machine learning, or automatized learning systems, or published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without the express written permission of Scott M. Graffius.
A PDF of this article is here
The short link for this article is https://bit.ly/turningwest